g-f(2)2332 Navigating the New Global Order: Insights from Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024

 

genioux Fact post by Fernando Machuca and Claude

Introduction:

The May/June 2024 issue of Foreign Affairs offers a comprehensive exploration of global challenges, focusing on the shifting balance of power, international conflicts, and the effectiveness of climate policies. The articles delve into the complex dynamics between the United States, China, Russia, Iran, and other key players, while also examining the breakdown of international law in recent conflicts and the strategic implications of disclosing intelligence.

genioux GK Nugget:

"The world is facing a critical juncture, as the global order is challenged by rising powers, international conflicts, and the urgent need to address climate change effectively." — Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024

genioux Foundational Fact:

The May/June 2024 issue of Foreign Affairs highlights the multifaceted challenges facing the international community, from the rise of China and its alternative global order to the breakdown of international law in conflicts such as the Israel-Hamas war and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The articles emphasize the need for the United States to adopt a more assertive approach in its competition with China, while also addressing the growing convergence of interests among America's adversaries and the effectiveness of current climate policies.

The 10 Most Relevant genioux Facts:

1. China is promoting an alternative global order that challenges the U.S.-led system.
2. The United States must adopt a more assertive approach in its competition with China.
3. Russia, China, Iran, and North Korea are expanding their ties, creating an "axis of upheaval."
4. The conflict in Gaza and the Russia-Ukraine war demonstrate the breakdown of international law.
5. Iran is exploiting the chaos in the Middle East to its advantage.
6. The Israel-Palestine conflict remains a seemingly intractable "forever war."
7. Disclosing intelligence can provide strategic advantages but also carries risks.
8. Despite challenges, current climate policies are working and should be strengthened.
9. The world is warming faster than anticipated, and global greenhouse gas emissions are at record highs.
10. Global negotiations to curb climate change are faltering, but progress is being made.

Conclusion:

The May/June 2024 issue of Foreign Affairs provides a thought-provoking analysis of the complex challenges facing the international community. From the rise of China and the convergence of interests among America's adversaries to the breakdown of international law and the effectiveness of climate policies, the articles offer valuable insights into the current state of global affairs. As the world navigates these challenges, it is crucial for policymakers and citizens alike to understand the intricacies of these issues and work towards finding effective solutions that promote stability, security, and sustainability.

REFERENCES

The g-f GK Context

Foreign Affairs

Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024, Volume 103, Number 3.

Classical Summary:

The May/June 2024 issue of Foreign Affairs provides a comprehensive analysis of the complex challenges facing the international community in the rapidly evolving global landscape. The articles delve into the shifting balance of power, the rise of alternative global orders, the breakdown of international law in conflicts, and the effectiveness of climate policies.

China's growing influence and its promotion of an alternative global order that challenges the U.S.-led system take center stage in this issue. Authors argue that the United States must adopt a more assertive approach in its competition with China to protect its interests and values. The convergence of interests among America's adversaries, namely Russia, China, Iran, and North Korea, is also examined, highlighting the formation of an "axis of upheaval" that seeks to overturn the principles and institutions underpinning the prevailing international system.

The breakdown of international law is starkly illustrated through the analyses of recent conflicts, such as the Israel-Hamas war and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. These articles underscore the erosion of civilian protections and the challenges posed to the global order by the increasing disregard for international humanitarian law.

The issue also explores the seemingly intractable nature of the Israel-Palestine conflict, characterized as a "forever war," and Iran's exploitation of regional chaos to advance its interests and weaken its adversaries. The strategic implications of disclosing intelligence are examined, highlighting both the potential advantages and risks associated with such actions.

Climate change remains a critical focus, with articles assessing the effectiveness of current climate policies and the progress made thus far. Despite the daunting challenges posed by rising global temperatures and record-high greenhouse gas emissions, the issue argues that the strategies developed over the past three decades are working and should be strengthened.

In conclusion, the May/June 2024 issue of Foreign Affairs offers a thought-provoking and in-depth analysis of the multifaceted challenges shaping the global landscape. As the world navigates the complexities of shifting power dynamics, international conflicts, and the urgent need to address climate change, the insights provided by these articles serve as a valuable guide for policymakers and citizens alike in understanding the intricacies of these issues and working towards effective solutions.

1. China’s Alternative Order

Elizabeth Economy, China’s Alternative Order, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024, Volume 103, Number 3, Published on April 23, 2024.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ELIZABETH ECONOMY is a Senior Fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. From 2021 to 2023, she was Senior Adviser for China at the U.S. Department of Commerce. She is the author of The World According to China.

Classical Summary:

In her article "China's Alternative Order And What America Should Learn From It," Elizabeth Economy examines China's ambitious vision for reshaping the global order and the strategies it employs to achieve this goal. Under President Xi Jinping's leadership, China is actively promoting an alternative global order that emphasizes multipolarity, absolute sovereignty, consensus-based security, state-determined human rights, development as the key to all solutions, and the end of U.S. dollar dominance. This vision is supported by initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Global Development Initiative (GDI), Global Security Initiative (GSI), and Global Civilization Initiative (GCI), which aim to reshape the international system and cement China's centrality within it.

China's vision is designed to appeal to a wide range of countries, particularly those dissatisfied with the current U.S.-led system. To promote its objectives, China invests heavily in diplomatic resources, media networks, state-owned companies, and its private sector. Additionally, China's security apparatus plays an increasing role in its diplomatic efforts, conducting military exercises and offering training to militaries in the developing world.

While China has made progress in gaining rhetorical support, its influence on the ground and among the public in various regions is mixed. However, the unpopularity of the U.S.-led international system in much of the world creates an opening for China to promote its alternative vision.

Economy argues that the United States should position itself as a force for system change, promoting an inclusive economic and technological revolution and engaging with a broader range of countries. She emphasizes the need for the United States to invest more in the foundations of its competitiveness and national security to succeed over the long term. Furthermore, stabilizing the U.S.-Chinese relationship by defining areas for cooperation and managing tensions can help the United States focus on building its capabilities and advancing its global vision.

In conclusion, Economy stresses that while China's vision for a transformed global order poses a significant challenge, it is up to the United States and its allies and partners to create an affirmative and compelling alternative. By promoting openness, transparency, the rule of law, and official accountability, the United States can shape the future of the international system in line with its values and interests.

2. No Substitute for Victory

Matt Pottinger and Mike Gallagher, No Substitute for Victory, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024, Volume 103, Number 3, Published on April 10, 2024.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

MATT POTTINGER served as U.S. Deputy National Security Adviser from 2019 to 2021 and as Senior Director for Asia on the National Security Council from 2017 to 2019. He is a co-author and editor of the forthcoming book The Boiling Moat: Urgent Steps to Defend Taiwan.

MIKE GALLAGHER served as U.S. Representative from Wisconsin from 2017 to 2024 and chaired the House Select Committee on the Chinese Communist Party.

Classical Summary: 

In their article "No Substitute for Victory: America's Competition With China Must Be Won, Not Managed," Matt Pottinger and Mike Gallagher argue that the United States must adopt a more assertive approach in its competition with China. They contend that the Biden administration's current policy of managing competition is insufficient and risks allowing Beijing to continue its destabilizing actions unchecked. The authors draw parallels between the present situation and the failed détente policies of the 1970s with the Soviet Union, emphasizing the need for clarity, confrontation, and a comprehensive strategy to achieve victory.

Pottinger and Gallagher assert that China is pursuing global initiatives designed to undermine the West and establish an antidemocratic order. They argue that the United States should aim to win the competition, not merely manage it, by imposing costs on China's malevolent actions, strengthening alliances, and reducing economic dependence on Beijing. The authors propose a three-pronged approach: rearming the U.S. military, reducing China's economic leverage, and recruiting a broader coalition to confront China.

The article highlights the importance of speaking candidly about China's threats, rapidly increasing U.S. defense capabilities, and severing China's access to Western technology to frustrate its military buildup. Pottinger and Gallagher emphasize that intensive diplomacy with Beijing should only be pursued from a position of strength. They argue that winning the competition requires convincing China that it is on a path to lose, ultimately paving the way for a future in which the Chinese people can explore new models of development and governance free from the repressive rule of the Chinese Communist Party.

In conclusion, Pottinger and Gallagher make a compelling case for the United States to adopt a more assertive and comprehensive approach in its competition with China. They argue that the current policy of managing competition is insufficient and that the United States must aim to win by confronting China's destabilizing behavior, strengthening alliances, reducing economic dependence, and bolstering its military capabilities.

3. The Delusion of Peak China

Evan S. Medeiros, The Delusion of Peak China, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024, Volume 103, Number 3, Published on April 24, 2024.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

EVAN S. MEDEIROS is Penner Family Chair in Asian Studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. He served as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Asian Affairs at the National Security Council during the Obama administration.

Classical Summary:

"The Delusion of Peak China" is an article published in Foreign Affairs by Evan S. Medeiros¹. The article challenges the notion of "peak China," a term used to describe the perceived stagnation or decline of China¹.

The article begins by outlining the recent challenges faced by Chinese President Xi Jinping since his third term in power in the fall of 2022¹. These include the abrupt abandonment of his signature “zero COVID” policy due to street protests, a slowing economy revealing both cyclical and structural challenges, record lows in foreign direct investment and portfolio flows, and a historic purge of military and defense industry personnel linked to China’s missile forces¹.

Despite these challenges, the United States has continued to expand its alliances with China’s neighbors and countries outside the region¹. This has led some scholars to argue that the world is witnessing “peak China” and that the country’s accelerating decline may lead it to lash out¹.

However, the article argues that these views are both ill-advised and premature¹. Xi still believes China is rising and is acting accordingly¹. He is committed to achieving the “China Dream,” his longtime slogan for national rejuvenation¹. He intends to reach this goal by 2049, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China¹.

The article concludes by stating that if China is peaking, there is little evidence that Xi sees it¹. In fact, many Chinese elites, including Xi, believe it is the United States that is in terminal decline¹. For them, even if China is slowing down, the power gap between the countries is still narrowing in China’s favor¹.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/4/2024

(1) The Delusion of Peak China | Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/delusion-peak-china-united-states-evan-medeiros.

(2) The Delusion of Peak China | Asia Society. https://asiasociety.org/policy-institute/delusion-peak-china.

(3) Peak China? | Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/peak-china.

4. The Axis of Upheaval

Andrea Kendall-Taylor and Richard Fontaine, The Axis of Upheaval, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024, Volume 103, Number 3, Published on April 23, 2024.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

ANDREA KENDALL-TAYLOR is Senior Fellow and Director of the Transatlantic Security Program at the Center for a New American Security. From 2015 to 2018, she was Deputy National Intelligence Officer for Russia and Eurasia at the National Intelligence Council.

RICHARD FONTAINE is CEO of the Center for a New American Security. He has worked at the U.S. Department of State, on the National Security Council, and as a foreign policy adviser to U.S. Senator John McCain.

Classical Summary:

"The Axis of Upheaval" is an article published in Foreign Affairs by Andrea Kendall-Taylor and Richard Fontaine¹. The article discusses how America's adversaries, specifically Russia, China, Iran, and North Korea, are uniting to overturn the global order¹.

The article begins with a description of a Russian missile attack on Ukrainian cities, carried out with weapons fitted with technology from China, missiles from North Korea, and drones from Iran¹. This collaboration has strengthened Russia's position on the battlefield, undermined Western attempts to isolate Moscow, and harmed Ukraine¹.

The authors argue that this collaboration is just the tip of the iceberg. The four countries have been expanding their economic, military, political, and technological ties, creating a new axis of upheaval¹. They are not an exclusive bloc or an alliance, but a collection of dissatisfied states converging on a shared purpose of overturning the principles, rules, and institutions that underlie the prevailing international system¹.

Their actions, when coordinated, have far greater effect than the sum of their individual efforts. They enhance one another’s military capabilities, dilute the efficacy of U.S. foreign policy tools, including sanctions, and hinder the ability of Washington and its partners to enforce global rules¹.

In conclusion, "The Axis of Upheaval" presents a comprehensive analysis of the emerging geopolitical landscape, highlighting the increasing convergence of interests among America's adversaries and the challenges it poses to the global order¹.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/4/2024

(1) The Axis of Upheaval - Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/axis-upheaval-russia-iran-north-korea-taylor-fontaine.

(2) The Axis of Upheaval - Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. https://wcfia.harvard.edu/publications/axis-upheaval.

(3) Foreign Affairs - Tribune Content Agency. https://tribunecontentagency.com/article/the-axis-of-upheaval-how-americas-adversaries-are-uniting-to-overturn-the-global-order/.

(4) undefined. http://www.tinyurl.com/yxbshrk2.

5. The Five Futures of Russia

Stephen Kotkin, The Five Futures of Russia, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024, Volume 103, Number 3, Published on April 18, 2024.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

STEPHEN KOTKIN is Kleinheinz Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He is the author of the forthcoming book Stalin: Totalitarian Superpower, 1941–1990s, the last in his three-volume biography.

Classical Summary:

"The Five Futures of Russia" is an article written by Stephen Kotkin and published in Foreign Affairs¹. The article presents five potential scenarios for Russia's future³⁴:

1. Putin’s continued rule: This scenario sees Vladimir Putin continuing his rule, maintaining his grip on power³⁴.

2. Putin’s ouster, followed by the installation of a far-right, nationalistic figure or cadre: In this scenario, Putin is ousted and replaced by a far-right, nationalistic figure or group³⁴.

3. Putin’s ouster, followed by a technocratic, if still largely antidemocratic, regime: Here, Putin is ousted and replaced by a technocratic, albeit still largely antidemocratic, regime³⁴.

4. Putin’s ouster, followed by the rise of a liberal, thoroughly pro-Western government: In this scenario, Putin is ousted and replaced by a liberal, pro-Western government³⁴.

5. Russian Federation state fracture: This scenario sees the Russian Federation fracturing³⁴.

The article discusses the likelihood of each scenario and how the United States can prepare for each potential future¹. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of Russia and the potential trajectories it could take in the future¹.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/4/2024

(1) Stephen Kotkin: The Five Futures of Russia - Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/russian-federation/five-futures-russia-stephen-kotkin.

(2) Russia Tomorrow: Five scenarios for Russia’s future. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/russia-tomorrow/five-scenarios-for-russias-future/.

(3) Five Scenarios for Russia’s Future - Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Five-Scenarios-for-Russias-Future.pdf.

(4) The Five Futures Of Russia: And How America Can Prepare For Whatever .... https://www.hoover.org/research/five-futures-russia-and-how-america-can-prepare-whatever-comes-next.

(5) Report launch: Five scenarios for Russia’s future. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/event/five-scenarios-for-russias-future/.

6. War Unbound

Oona A. Hathaway, War Unbound, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024, Volume 103, Number 3, Published on April 23, 2024.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

OONA A. HATHAWAY is Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law at Yale Law School and a Nonresident Scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Classical Summary:

"War Unbound" is an article published in Foreign Affairs by Oona A. Hathaway¹. The article discusses the breakdown of international law as seen in recent conflicts, particularly the war in Gaza and the conflict in Ukraine¹.

The article begins by describing a Russian missile attack on Ukrainian cities, carried out with weapons fitted with technology from China, missiles from North Korea, and drones from Iran¹. This collaboration has strengthened Russia's position on the battlefield, undermined Western attempts to isolate Moscow, and harmed Ukraine¹.

The conflict in Gaza is another example of the breakdown of the law of war¹. Despite the existence of international humanitarian law, which aims to protect civilians and ensure unimpeded access to humanitarian aid, the law has failed in the Israel-Hamas war¹. Hamas continues to hold hostages and use civilian buildings to shield its infrastructure, while Israel has waged an all-out war in densely populated areas and slowed the flow of desperately needed aid¹.

The article argues that these conflicts are not isolated incidents, but part of a long series of wars since 9/11 that have eroded protections for civilians¹. However, the authors also argue that even a weakened system of international humanitarian law has made conflict more humane, providing continuous pressure on belligerents to limit civilian casualties, provide safe zones for noncombatants, and allow for humanitarian access¹.

In conclusion, "War Unbound" presents a comprehensive analysis of the current state of international law in conflict zones, highlighting the increasing disregard for civilian protections and the challenges it poses to the global order¹.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/4/2024

(1) War Unbound - Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ukraine/war-unbound-gaza-hathaway.

(2) Putin Unbound | Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2022-04-06/putin-russia-ukraine-war-unbound.

(3) Teaching Notes | America Unbound - Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/teaching-notes/america-unbound.

(4) The Nonaligned World | Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/content-packages/nonaligned-world.

7. Iran’s Order of Chaos

Suzanne Maloney, Iran’s Order of Chaos, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024, Volume 103, Number 3, Published on April 8, 2024.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

SUZANNE MALONEY is Vice President of the Brookings Institution and Director of its Foreign Policy program.

Classical Summary:

The article "Iran’s Order of Chaos" by Suzanne Maloney, published in Foreign Affairs, discusses how Iran is exploiting the current chaos in the Middle East to its advantage¹. Here's a summary:

• The article begins by discussing the Israel-Hamas war and the impact it has had on the Middle East. The conflict has disrupted the efforts of three U.S. presidents to shift American resources and focus away from the Middle East¹.
• The U.S., in response to the conflict, has increased its engagements in the Middle East, including aid shipments to Gazans, military operations to protect maritime transit, and diplomatic initiatives to foster the normalization of relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia¹.
• The author argues that the risks posed by timidity are even greater than those posed by engagement. One regional actor that particularly benefits from Washington’s hesitation or disengagement is the Islamic Republic of Iran¹.
• The chaos in the Middle East presents an opportunity for Iran to weaken one of its foremost regional adversaries, Israel, and to diminish U.S. influence in the region¹.
• Iranian leaders are exploiting and escalating the war in Gaza to elevate their regime’s stature, weaken and delegitimize Israel, undermine U.S. interests, and further shape the regional order in their favor¹.

In essence, the article suggests that Iran sees opportunity in chaos and is using the current situation to its advantage¹.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/4/2024

(1) Iran’s Order of Chaos - Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/iran/irans-order-chaos-suzanne-maloney.

(2) Iran | Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/regions/iran.

8. Israel’s Forever War

Tom Segev, Israel’s Forever War, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024, Volume 103, Number 3, Published on April 23, 2024.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

TOM SEGEV is an Israeli historian and the author of A State at Any Cost: The Life of David Ben-Gurion.

Classical Summary:

The article "Israel’s Forever War" by Tom Segev, published in Foreign Affairs, provides an in-depth analysis of the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine¹. Here's a summary:

• The article starts with the events of **October 7, 2023**, which is considered the worst day in Israel's 75-year history. Thousands of heavily armed Hamas fighters managed to break through the Gaza Strip’s fortified border and into Israel, causing massive destruction and loss of life¹.
• The Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, compared the attack to the Holocaust and described Hamas as "the new Nazis". In response, the Israel Defense Forces pursued an open-ended military campaign in Gaza¹.
• For Palestinians, the Gaza war is the worst event they have experienced in 75 years, with tens of thousands of Palestinians killed and over a million rendered homeless¹.
• The Palestinians see the Israeli offensive as part of a larger plan to incorporate all Palestinian lands into the Jewish state and get them to abandon Gaza entirely¹.
• The article discusses the long history of managing—rather than solving—the conflict. It suggests that both the Jews and the Arabs have understood that an all-encompassing settlement between them was likely impossible¹.

In essence, the article presents a detailed account of the ongoing conflict, highlighting the deep-seated issues and the challenges in finding a peaceful resolution¹.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/4/2024

(1) Israel’s Forever War - Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/israels-forever-war-gaza-tom-segev.

(2) Lessons from Israel’s Forever Wars | Belfer Center for Science and .... https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/lessons-israels-forever-wars.

(3) Lessons from Israel’s Forever Wars | Harvard Kennedy School. https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/lessons-israels-forever-wars.

9. Spy and Tell

David V. Gioe and Michael J. Morell, Spy and Tell, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024, Volume 103, Number 3, Published on April 23, 2024.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

DAVID V. GIOE is a British Academy Global Professor of Intelligence and International Security at King’s College London and a former CIA analyst and operations officer.

MICHAEL J. MORELL is Senior Counselor at Beacon Global Strategies and a former Acting Director and Deputy Director of the CIA.

Classical Summary:

The article "Spy and Tell: The Promise and Peril of Disclosing Intelligence for Strategic Advantage" by David V. Gioe and Michael J. Morell, published in Foreign Affairs, discusses the strategic implications of disclosing intelligence¹. Here's a summary:

• The article begins with a historical event from the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, when U.S. ambassador to the UN, Adlai Stevenson, publicly revealed photographs taken by a U-2 spy plane, showing Soviet missile bases in Cuba¹. This marked a turning point in the crisis, providing undeniable evidentiary support to the Kennedy administration’s allegations, shifting global opinion, and pressuring the Soviets to de-escalate¹.
• Fast forward to 2023, the Biden administration responded to the Russian military amassing nearly 175,000 troops on the Russian border with Ukraine by publicly disclosing intelligence¹. This was done to warn allies and Ukraine of the coming invasion and to preemptively rebut Russian President Vladimir Putin’s planned pretexts for it¹.
• The Biden administration’s disclosures didn't persuade Putin to shelve his war plans, but they did fortify Western resolve after the invasion¹. Advance warning of Russia’s plans enabled many U.S. allies, particularly NATO members, to quickly offer military aid packages to Ukraine and harmonize their economic sanctions against Russia¹.
• The article also mentions an incident where U.S. President Ronald Reagan declassified signals intelligence to show Soviet culpability and justify his confrontational posture toward Moscow¹.

In essence, the article explores the strategic advantages and risks associated with the public disclosure of intelligence¹.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/4/2024

(1) Spy and Tell - Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/spy-and-tell-gioe-morell.

(2) Foreign Affairs - Tribune Content Agency. https://tribunecontentagency.com/article/spy-and-tell-the-promise-and-peril-of-disclosing-intelligence-for-strategic-advantage/.

(3) Spy and Tell - Foreign Affairs. https://bing.com/search?q=Foreign+Affairs+%22Spy+and+Tell%22+summary.

10. Climate Policy Is Working

Kelly Sims Gallagher, Climate Policy Is Working, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2024, Volume 103, Number 3, Published on April 23, 2024.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

KELLY SIMS GALLAGHER is Professor of Energy and Environmental Policy and Interim Dean of the Fletcher School at Tufts University.

Classical Summary:

The article "Climate Policy Is Working" by Kelly Sims Gallagher, published in Foreign Affairs, discusses the effectiveness of current climate policies¹. Here's a summary:

• The article begins by discussing the psychological effects of climate change on adults in the United States. A study by scientists at Yale found that seven percent were experiencing mild to severe climate-related psychological distress¹.
• The world is warming faster than scientists had anticipated. In the summer of 2023, the average global temperature was 1.2 degrees Celsius higher than the average of the summers between 1951 and 1980¹.
• Global greenhouse gas emissions are higher than ever. After a brief downturn during the COVID-19 pandemic, emissions surged back, reaching their highest level on record at 57.4 gigatons in 2022¹.
• Despite this gloomy future, global negotiations to curb climate change are faltering¹.
• However, the article argues that the climate crisis can seem daunting and immune to small human actions, but the world has made and continues to make remarkable progress¹. That is because the strategy to tackle climate change that governments have developed in the last 30 years is working¹. It should be strengthened, not disparaged¹.

In essence, the article suggests that despite the challenges, current climate policies are working and should be further strengthened¹.

Source: Conversation with Bing, 5/4/2024

(1) Climate Policy Is Working | Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/world/climate-change-policy-working-kelly-gallagher.

(2) Climate Change | Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/topics/climate-change.

(3) Environment | Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/topics/environment.

(4) May/June 2024 | Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/issues/2024/103/3.

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